Preheat oven to 350°F (175°C). Line baking sheets with parchment paper or silicone liners.
Whisk together the flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt. Set aside.
Using an electric mixer on medium speed, beat the butter, brown sugar, and sugar until light and fluffy. Add the eggs, one at a time, mixing well after each addition. Mix in the vanilla.
Reduce mixer speed to low. Gradually add the flour mixture, mixing just until combined.
Stir in the cashews and caramels.
Drop the dough by tablespoonfuls onto the prepared pans. Flatten the top of each cookie slightly. Sprinkle the top of each cookie with a pinch of coarse salt.
Bake, one pan at a time, 10 to 12 minutes, or until lightly browned. Cool the cookies on the pan for 5 minutes. Then transfer the cookies to a wire rack to cool completely.
Notes
Unless your kitchen is warm, you won't need to refrigerate the cookie dough before scooping and baking. I do suggest refrigerating the dough between baking batches to keep it cool.
Store in an airtight container at room temperature up to 3 days or in the freezer up to 3 months.